Stages of long-term memory

Tema	Anglų kalba
Tipas	Konspektas
Aprašymas	1. Encoding. The dominant LM representation is based on the meanings of the items.For example several minutes after hearing a sentence, most of what you can recall or recognize is the sentence’s meaning. Sometimes we code other aspects as well. We can, for example, memorize poems and recite them word for word. In such cases, we have coded not only the meaning of the poem but the words themselves.
Patalpinta	2005-05-09
Parsisiuntė	94
	Parsisiųsti7 KB

Išsamus aprašymas

When you get a phone call and other party says ‘’hello’’, often you recognize the voice. Visual impressions, tastes, and smells are also coded in LM.
If encoding is proper, in the case we need that information most probably we will be able to use it.
2. Storage. Some information is almost certainly lost from storage, particularly when there is a disruption of the processes that consolidate new memories. The biological locus of consolidation includes the hippocampus and amygdala, brain structures located below the cerebral cortex. Direct evidence of storage loss comes from people who receive electroconvulsive therapy to alleviate severe depresion. In such cases, the patient loses some memory for events that occurred in the months prior to shock, but not for earlier events. These memory losses are unlikely to be due to retrieval failures, because if the shock disrupted retrieval then all memories should be affected,not just the recent ones.
3. Retrieval. Many cases of forgetting from LM result from a loss of access to the information rather than from a loss of the information itself. That is, poor memory often reflects a retrieval failure rather than a storage failure. Trying to retrieve an item from LM is like trying to find a book in a large library. Failure to find the book doesn’t necessarily mean it is not there; you may be looking in the wrong place, or it may simply be misfiled and therefore inaccessible. There are a lot of evidence for retrieval failures. For example, you cannot recall a specific name or date during the exam, and you remember it just after the exam. Another example is ‘’tip-of-the-tongue’’experience in which a particular word lies tantalizingly outside our ability to recall it. We may feel quite tormented until a search of memory finally retrieves the correct word.
The better the retrieval cues, the better our memory. Retrieval failures are less likely to happen when the items are organized during encoding and when the context at retrieval is similar to that at encoding. Retrieval processes can also be disrupted by emotional factors.
Among the factors that can impair retrieval, the most important is interference. The essence of it: if we associate different items with the same cue, when we retrieve one of the items, the other items may become active and intefere with our recovery of the target. For example, if your friend Dan moves and you finally learn his new phone number, you will find it difficult to retrieve the old number. They interfere.

Raktiniai žodžiai

• stages of long term memory
• long term memory stages
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