Automation

Tema	Anglų kalba
Tipas	Rašinys
Aprašymas	Rašinys anglų kalba. Įmonės darbo automatizavimas. Reasons for automation. Reasons for not automating.
Patalpinta	2009-07-31
Parsisiuntė	64
	Parsisiųsti4 KB

Išsamus aprašymas

Reasons for automation

1.high cost of labour
in industrialized (and not only) societies skilled labor cost have been constantly increasing.

2.increased productivity
Higher production output per hour of labour input is possible with automation than with manual operations.

3.competition
The ultimate goal of a company is to increase profits. However, there are other measures that are harder to measure. Automation may result in lower prices, superior products, better labour relations, and a better company image.

5.safety
Automation allows the employee to assume a supervisory role instead of being directly involved in the manufacturing task. For example, die-casting is hot and dangerous and the work pieces are often very heavy. Welding, spray painting and other operations can be a health hazard. Machines can also do these jobs more precisely and achieve better quality products.

6.reducing manufacturing lead time
Automation allows the manufacturer to respond quickly to the consumer needs. Second, flexible automation also allows companies to handle frequent design modifications.
Automation is also allowing organizations to move from the traditional “mass production model” to mass customisation.
The traditional model of mass production involves hierarchical control. Workers repeat defined repetitious tasks under close supervision. Such a mass production model is best applied to low-cost, standardized products.
Mass customisation is a model for low-cost, high-quality, customized products. It requires flexibility and quick responsiveness. People, resources ant technology are continuously reconfigured to give the customer exactly what he/she wants. The control is decentralized and managers coordinate independent, capable individuals.

7.lower costs
In addition to cutting labour costs, automation may decrease the scrap rate and thus reduce the cost of raw materials. It also enables just in time manufacturing which in turn allows the manufacturer to reduce the in-process inventory. It is possible to improve the quality of the product at lower cost.


Reasons for not automating

1.labour resistance
People look at robots and manufacturing automation as a cause of unemployment. In reality, the use of robots increases productivity, makes the firm more competitive and preserves jobs. But some jobs are lost.
On the other hand, the real cause of layoffs today is not automation or the migration of jobs because of cheap labour elsewhere. The top layoffs can be attributed mainly to competition, mergers, and government spending cuts.

2. Cost of upgraded labour
the routine monotonous tasks are the easiest to automate. The tasks that are difficult to automate are ones that require skill. Thus manufacturing labour must be upgraded.

3. Initial investment
cash flow considerations may make an investment in automation difficult even it the estimated rate of return is high.


Higher output and increased productivity have been two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of automation. …

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